Libbrecht 교수에 의하면 눈의 결정은 생성조건에 따라 형태가 다양하게 나타난다고 함.

칼텍 물리학과 Libbrecht 교수, 눈의 결정을 물리학으로 푸는 이 분야 세계최고 물리학자임, 나도 결정학 연구하다 그의 논문을 읽은 적있음. 

58년생, 칼텍 물리학과 22세졸업, 프린스턴 석박사 26세졸업, 84년부터 칼텍 물리학과 조교수를 시작으로 현재 물리학과 Chairman

<85년이후 네이처 4편, 사이언스 2편, Physical Rev.Lett (학부 3학년때에도 발표함) 다수 외, 저서 7권>

눈 결정의 형성메커니즘을 평생 연구하였음. 이런사람도 다 있네. 한 우물을 파는게 존경스러움.

Research Articles:

"Coulomb Distortion of Pion Spectra from Heavy-Ion Collisions," K. G. Libbrecht and S. E. Koonin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 1581 (1979). View pdf

"Energy Dependence of the Trapping of Uranium Atoms by Aluminum Oxide Surfaces," K. G. Libbrecht, J. E. Griffith, R. A. Weller and T. A. Tombrello, Radiation Effects 49, 195 (1980).

"Facular Influences on the Apparent Solar Shape," R. H. Dicke, J. R. Kuhn and K. G. Libbrecht, Nature 304, 326 (1983).

"A New Measurement of the Facular Contrast Near the Solar Limb," K. G. Libbrecht and J. R. Kuhn, Astrophys. J. 277, 889 (1984).

"Observations on a Solar Latitude-Dependent Limb Brightness Variation," J. R. Kuhn, K. G. Libbrecht and R. H. Dicke, Astrophys. J. 290, 758 (1985).

"Oblateness of the Sun in 1983 and Relativity," R. H. Dicke, J. R. Kuhn and K. G. Libbrecht, Nature 316, 22 (1985).

"On the Facular Contrast Near the Solar Limb," K. G. Libbrecht and J. R. Kuhn, Astrophys. J. 299, 1047 (1985).

"Practical Considerations for the Generation of Large Order Spherical Harmonics," K. G. Libbrecht, Solar Physics 99, 371 (1985).

"Solar Ellipticity Fluctuations Yield No Evidence of g-Modes," J. R. Kuhn, K. G. Libbrecht and R. H. Dicke, Nature 319, 128 (1986).

"Is There an Unusual Solar Core?" K. G. Libbrecht, Nature 319, 753 (1986). View pdf

"The Variable Oblateness of the Sun - Measurements of 1984," R. H. Dicke, J. R. Kuhn and K. G. Libbrecht, Astrophys. J. 311, 1025 (1986).

"Properties of Intermediate-Degree Solar Oscillation Modes," K. G. Libbrecht and H. Zirin, Astrophys. J. 308, 413 (1986).

"The Excitation and Damping of Solar Oscillations," K. G. Libbrecht, B. D. Popp, J. M. Kaufman and M. J. Penn, Nature 323, 235 (1986).

"Fine Structure in Solar Oscillation Spectra," K. G. Libbrecht, Proceedings of the National Solar Observatory Workshop, The Internal Solar Angular Velocity, B. R. Durney and S. Sofia (eds.) (1986).

"Evidence for Global Circulation Currents from Solar-Limb Temperature Variations," J. R. Kuhn, K. G. Libbrecht and R. H. Dicke, Nature 328, 326 (1987).

"Is the Solar Oblateness Variable? Measurements of 1985," R. H. Dicke, J. R. Kuhn, and K. G. Libbrecht, Astrophys. J. 318, 451 (1987).

"A Search for Radial Velocity Oscillations in Procyon," K. G. Libbrecht, Proceedings of the Symposium 132, High S/N Stellar Spectroscopy (1987).

"Solar Interior Structure," K. G. Libbrecht, IAU Commission 12 Report, (1987).

"What do the Observations Tell Us About the Excitation of Solar Oscillation Modes?" K. G. Libbrecht, Proceedings of IAU Symposium 123, Advances in Helio- and Asteroseismology (1988).

"Frequencies of Solar P-Mode Oscillations," T. L. Duvall, Jr., J. W. Harvey, K. G. Libbrecht, B. D. Popp, M. A. Pomerantz, Astrophys. J. 324, 1158 (1988).

"Frequencies of High-Degree Solar P-Mode Oscillations," K. G. Libbrecht and J. M. Kaufman, Astrophys. J. 324, 1172 (1988).

"Solar and Stellar Seismology," K. G. Libbrecht, Space Science Reviews 47, 275 (1988).

"Solar P-Mode Phenomenology," K. G. Libbrecht, Astrophys. J. 334, 510 (1988).

"Radial Velocity Observations Reveal Multimode Oscillations in Gamma Equulei," K. G.Libbrecht, Astrophys. J. Letters, 330, L51 (1988).

"The Surface Temperature of the Sun and Changes in the Solar Constant," J. R. Kuhn, K. G. Libbrecht and R. H. Dicke, Science 242, 908 (1988).

"The Excitation and Damping of Solar Oscillations (Invited Review)," K. G. Libbrecht, in Seismology of the Sun and Sun-Like Stars, Proceedings of a Symposium held in Tenerife, Spain, 26 - 30 September 1988; ESA SP-286 (1988).

"Measurement of Solar Rotation Using High-Degree P-Mode Oscillations," M. F. Woodard and K. G. Libbrecht, in Seismology of the Sun and Sun-Like Stars, Proceedings of a Symposium held in Tenerife, Spain 26 - 30 September 1988; ESA SP-286 (1988).

"Solar P-Mode Frequency Splittings," K. G. Libbrecht, in Seismology of the Sun and Sun-Like Stars, Proceedings of a Symposium held in Tenerife, Spain 26 - 30 September 1988; ESA SP-286 (1988).

"Solar P-Mode Frequency Splittings," K. G. Libbrecht, Astrophys. J. 336, 1092 (1989).

"Seismology of Solar Oscillation Line Widths," J. Christensen-Dalsgaard, D. O. Gough, and K. G. Libbrecht, Astrophys. J. Letters 341, L103 (1989).

"The Radial Gradient in the Sun's Rotation," W. A. Dziembowski, P. R. Goode, and K. G. Libbrecht, Astrophys. J. Letters 337, L53 (1989).

"Comparison of Solar P-Mode Oscillations in Surface Brightness and Velocity," K. G. Libbrecht, Astrophys. J. 359, 232 (1990).

"Observations of Solar Cycle Variations in Solar P-Mode Frequencies and Splittings," K. G. Libbrecht and M. F. Woodard, in Progress of Seismology of the Sun and Stars, Proceedings of the Oji International Seminar, Hakone, Japan (eds. Y. Osaki & H. Shibahashi) (l990).

"Frequencies of Solar Oscillations," K. G. Libbrecht, M. F. Woodard, and J. M. Kaufman, Astrophys J. Supp. 74, 1129 (1990).

"Solar Cycle Effects on Solar Oscillation Frequencies," K. G. Libbrecht and M. F. Woodard, Nature 345, 779 (1990). View pdf

"A Search for an Acoustic Amplitude Deficit at the Antipodes of Sunspots," M. L. Peri and K. G. Libbrecht, Solar Physics 132, 223 (1991).

"Advances in Helioseismology," K. G. Libbrecht and M. F. Woodard, Science 253, 152 (1991). View pdf

"Short-Term Changes in Solar Oscillation Frequency and Solar Activity," M. F. Woodard, J. R. Kuhn, N. Murray, K. G. Libbrecht, Astrophys. J. Letters 373, L81 (1991).

"Is There an Acoustic Resonance in the Solar Chromosphere?" M. F. Woodard and K. G. Libbrecht, Astrophys. J. Letters 374, L61 (1991).

"The Solar Rotation," K. G. Libbrecht and C. A. Morrow, in Solar Interior and Atmosphere, A. N. Cox, W. C. Livingston, M. S. Matthews (eds.) (1991).

"Nonfacular Solar Luminosity Variations," J. R. Kuhn and K. G. Libbrecht, Astrophys. J. Letters 381, L35 (1991).

"On the Ultimate Accuracy of Solar Oscillation Frequency Measurements," K. G. Libbrecht, Astrophys. J. 387, 712 (1992). View pdf

"Solar Activity and Oscillation Frequency Splittings," M. F. Woodard and K. G. Libbrecht, Astrophys. J. Letters 402, L77 (1993).

"Observations of Time Variation in the Sun's Rotation," M. F. Woodard and K. G. Libbrecht, Science 260, 1778 (1993).

"A Low-Noise High-Speed Diode Laser Current Controller," K. G. Libbrecht and J. L. Hall, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 64, 2133 (1993). View pdf

"The Global Oscillation Network Group Site Survey II. Results," F. Hill, G. Fischer, S. Forgach, J. Grier, J. W. Leibacher, H. P. Jones, P. B. Jones, R. Kupke, R. T. Stebbins, D. W. Clay, R. E. L. Ingram, K. G. Libbrecht, H. Zirin, R. K. Ulrich, L. Webster, L. S. Hieda, B. J. LaBonte, W. M. T. Lu, E. M. Sousa, C. J. Garcia, E. A. Yasukawa, J. A. Kennewell, D. G. Cole, H. Zhen, Xiao S.-M., A. Bhatnagar, A. Ambastha, A. S. Al-Kashlan, M.-S. Abdul-Samad, Z. Benkhaldoun, S. Kadiri, F. Sanchez, P. L. Palle, O. Duhalde, H. Solis, O. Saa, and R. Gonzalez, Solar Physics 152, 351 (1994).

"A Fiber-Fed Echelle Spectrograph for the Hale 5-Meter Telescope," K. G. Libbrecht and M. L. Peri, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 107, 62 (1995).

"Creating Long-Lived Neutral Atom Traps in a Cryogenic Environment," P. A. Willems and K. G. Libbrecht, Phys. Rev A 51, 1403 (1995).

"Microscopic Magnetic Traps for Neutral Atoms," J. D. Weinstein and K. G. Libbrecht, Phys. Rev. A 52, 4004 (1995). View pdf

"Teaching Physics with 670 nm Diode Lasers -- Construction of Stabilized Lasers and Lithium Cells," K. G. Libbrecht, R. A. Boyd, P. A. Willems, T. L. Gustavson, and D. K. Kim, Am. J. Phys. 63, 729 (1995).

"Teaching Physics with 670 nm Diode Lasers -- Experiments with Fabry-Perot Cavities," R. A. Boyd, J. L. Bliss, and K. G. Libbrecht, Am. J. Phys. 64, 1109 (1996). View pdf

"The Solar Acoustic Spectrum and Eigenmode Parameters," F. Hill, P. B. Stark, T. Stebbins, E. R. Anderson, H. M. Antia, T. M. Brown, T. L. Duvall Jr., D. A. Haber, J. W. Harvey, D. H. Hathaway, R. Howe, R. P. Hubbard, H. P. Jones, J. R. Kennedy, S. G. Korzennik, A. G. Kosovichev, J. W. Leibacher, K. G. Libbrecht, J. A. Pintar, E. J. Rhodes Jr., J. Schou, M. J. Thompson, S. Tomczyk, C. G. Toner, R. Toussaint, W. E. Williams, Science 272, 1292 (1996).

"Stability of Magneto-Optical Traps with Large Field Gradients: Limits on the Tight Confinement of Single Atoms," P. A. Willems, R. A. Boyd, J. L. Bliss, and K. G. Libbrecht, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1660 (1997). View pdf

"Spatial Dependence of Solar-Cycle Changes in the Sun's Luminosity," S. F. Taylor, J. R. Varsik, M. F. Woodard, and K. G. Libbrecht, Solar Physics 178, 1 (1997).

"Electrically Induced Morphological Instabilities in Free Dendrite Growth," K. G. Libbrecht and V. M. Tanusheva, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 176 (1998). View pdf

"Cloud Chambers and Crystal Growth: Effects of Electrically Enhanced Diffusion on Dendrite Formation from Neutral Molecules," K. G. Libbrecht and V. M. Tanusheva, Phys. Rev. E 59, 3253 (1999).

Comment on "Electrically Induced Morphological Instabilities in Free Dendrite Growth" -- Libbrecht and Tanusheva reply, K. G. Libbrecht and V. M. Tanusheva, Phys. Rev. Lett 83, 1699 (1999).

"A Cylindrically Symmetric Green's Function Approach for Modeling the Crystal Growth Morphology of Ice," K. G. Libbrecht, Phys. Rev. E 60, 1967 (1999).

"Absolute and Differential Measurement of Water Vapor Supersaturation Using a Commercial Thin-Film Sensor," C. K. Chng, H. Yu, and K. G. Libbrecht, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 266 (2000).  View pdf

"Crystal Growth in the Presence of Surface Melting: Supersaturation Dependence of the Growth of Columnar Ice Crystals," K. G. Libbrecht and H. Yu, J. Cryst. Growth 222, 822 (2001).  View pdf

"Morphogenesis on Ice: The Physics of Snow Crystals," Engineering and Science LXIV, 1 (2001). View pdf

"LIGO: Hearing the Gravitational-Wave Universe," K. G. Libbrecht, Mercury magazine, Vol. 30, #5, Sept/Oct 2001.

"Electrically Enhanced Free Dendrite Growth in Polar and Non-polar Systems," K. G. Libbrecht, T. Crosby, and M. Swanson,  J. Cryst. Growth 240, 241 (2002).  View pdf

"Origin of Irradiance Variations from Disk Photometer Data," M. F. Woodard and K. G. Libbrecht, Proc. of SOHO 12/GONG+ 2002 (2002).

"Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Solar Brightness," M. F. Woodard and K. G. Libbrecht, Solar Physics 212, 51 (2003).

"Generation of an Intense Cold Atom Beam from a Pyramidal Magneto-optical Trap: Experiment and Simulation," J. Kohel, J. Rairez-Serrano, R. J. Thompson, L. Maleki, J. L. Bliss, and K. G. Libbrecht, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B20, 1161 (2003).

"A Search of CO Absorption in the Transmission Spectrum of HD 209458 b," T. M. Brown, K. G. Libbrecht, and D. Charbonneau, Pub. Astron. Soc. Pacific 114, 826 (2002).

"Evolution of the Sun's Near-surface Asphericities over the Activity Cycle," P. R. Goode, L. V. Didkovsky, K. G. Libbrecht, and M. F. Woodard, Advances in Space Research 29, 1889 (2002).

"Growth Rates of the Principal Facet of Ice Between -10C and -40C," K. G. Libbrecht, J. Cryst. Growth 247, 530 (2003).  View pdf

"Explaining the Formation of Thin Ice-Crystal Plates with Structure-Dependent Attachment Kinetics," K. G. Libbrecht, J. Cryst. Growth 258, 168 (2003).  View pdf

CBS Evening News aired a 2-minute piece on January 10, 2004, featuring KGL's snowflake science.

"A Basic Lock-in Amplifier Experiment for the Undergraduate Laboratory," K. G. Libbrecht, E. D. Black, and C. M. Hirata, Am. J. Phys. 71, 1208 (2003).

"An Investigation of Laboratory-grown Ice Spikes,"  K. G. Libbrecht and K. Lui, J. Glaciology 50, 371 (2004).  View pdf.

"Enhanced photothermal displacement spectroscopy for thin-film characterization using a Fabry-Perot resonator," E. D. Black, I. S. Grudinin, S. R. Rao, and K. G. Libbrecht, J. Appl. Phys. 95, 7655 (2004).

"Toward Quantum-Limited Position Measurements Using Optically Levitated Microspheres," K. G. Libbrecht and E. D. Black, Physics Letters A 321, 99 (2004). View pdf.

"Direct Observation of Broadband Coating Thermal Noise in a Suspended Interferometer," Eric D. Black, Akira Villar, Kyle Barbary, Adam Bushmaker, Jay Heefner, Seiji Kawamura, Fumiko Kawazoe, Luca Matone, Sharon Meidt, Shanti R. Rao, Kevin Schulz, Michael Zhang, Kenneth G. Libbrecht, Physics Letters A 328, 1 (2004).

"Why Caltech will be a Better Place when Freshmen can Choose Avery House," by the Avery Council, The California Tech, April 17, 2004.

"A Critical Look at Ice Crystal Growth Data," K. G. Libbrecht, arXiv:cond-mat/0411662 (2004).  View pdf

"The Many Facets of Ice," K. G. Libbrecht, Contemp. Phys. 45, 433 (2004).

"Snowflakes: Up Close and Personal," by K. G. Libbrecht, Cross Country Skier, November 2004.

"Thermoelastic-damping Noise from Sapphire Mirrors in a Fundamental-noise-limited Interferometer," Eric D. Black, Akira Villar, and Kenneth G. Libbrecht, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 241101 (2004).

"Snowflake Science," K. G. Libbrecht, American Educator, Winter 2004-5.

"The Physics of Snow Crystals," (review article) K. G. Libbrecht, Rep. Prog. Phys. 68 855-895 (2005). View pdf

"Macroscopic Coherence Effects in a Mesoscopic System: Weak Localization of Thin Silver Films,"  A.D. Beyer, M. Koesters, K. G. Libbrecht, and E. D. Black, Am. J. Phys. 73, 1014 (2005).

"Precision Measurements of Ice Crystal Growth Rates," K. G. Libbrecht, arXiv:cond-mat/0608694 (2006).  View pdf.

"Interferometric measurement of the resonant absorption and refractive index in rubidium gas," K. G. Libbrecht and M. W. Libbrecht, Am. J. Phys. 14, 1055-60 (2006).

"Modeling Diffusion-Limited Crystal Growth from Vapor using a Commercial Finite-Element Analysis Code," arXiv:cond-mat/0610584 (2006).

"A Flurry of Snowflake Stamps," K. G. Libbrecht, Philatelia Chimica at Physica, 29, No. 2 (2007).

"The Formation of Snow Crystals," K. G. Libbrecht, American Scientist 95, 52-59 (2007). View pdf.

"The Enigmatic Snowflake," Physics World, Jan. 2008.  View pdf.

"Physically Derived Rules for Simulating Faceted Crystal Growth using Cellular Automata," K. G. Libbrecht, arXiv:0807.2616 (2008). View pdf.

"A Basic Thermodynamic Derivation of the Maximum Overburden Pressure Generated in Frost Heave," K. G. Libbrecht, arXiv:0808.2488 (2008). View pdf.

"Observations of an Impurity-driven Hysteresis Behavior in Ice Crystal Growth at Low Pressure," K. G. Libbrecht, arXiv:0809.4863 (2008). View pdf.

"A Convection Chamber for Measuring Ice Crystal Growth Dynamics," K. G. Libbrecht and H. C. Morrison, arXiv:0809.4869 (2008). View pdf.

"Crystal Growth in the Presence of Surface Melting and Impurities: An Explanation of Snow Crystal Growth Morphologies," K. G. Libbrecht, arXiv:0810.0689 (2008). View pdf.

"Measurements of Snow Crystal Growth Dynamics in a Free-fall Convection Chamber," K. G. Libbrecht, H. C. Morrison and B. Faber, arXiv:0811.2994 (2008). View pdf.

"Aerodynamic Stability and the Growth of Triangular Snow Crystals," K. G. Libbrecht and H. M. Arnold, arXiv:0911.4267v1 (2009). View pdf.

"Aerodynamical Effects in Snow Crystal Growth," K. G. Libbrecht, arXiv:0911.4733v1 (2009). View pdf.

"Measurements of Ice Crystal Growth Rates in Air at -5C and -10C," K. G. Libbrecht and H. M. Arnold, arXiv:0912.2518v1 (2009). View pdf.

"Identification of a Novel "Fishbone" Structure in the Dendritic Growth of Columnar Ice Crystals," K. G. Libbrecht, arXiv:0912.2522v1 (2009) View pdf.

"A Versatile Thermoelectric Temperature Controller with 10 mK Reproducibility and 100 mK Absolute Accuracy," K. G. Libbrecht and A. W. Libbrecht, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 126107 (2009). View pdf.

"Response to 'Comment on 'A versatile thermoelectric temperature controller with 10 mK reproducibility and 100 mK absolute accuracy,'"' K. G. Libbrecht and A. W. Libbrecht, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 027103 (2011). View pdf.

"Measurement of thermal noise in multilayer coatings with optimized layer thickness," A. E. Villar, E. D. Black, R. DeSalvo, et al., Phys. Rev. D 81, 122001 (2010). View pdf.

"Snow surprises on crystals," K. G. Libbrecht, Chemistry & Industry Magazine 24, 10 (2010). View pdf.

"Chemical Influences on Ice Crystal Growth from Vapor," K. G. Libbrecht and R. Bell, arXiv:1101.0127 (2010),

"An Improved Apparatus For Measuring the Growth of Ice Crystals from Water Vapor," K. G. Libbrecht, arXiv:1109.1511 (2011). View pdf.

"Measurements of Growth Rates of (0001) Ice Crystal Surfaces," K. G. Libbrecht and M. E. Rickerby, arXiv:1110.5828 (2011). View pdf.

"Observations of an Edge-enhancing Instability in Snow Crystal Growth near -15 C," K. G. Libbrecht, arXiv:1111.2786 (2011). View pdf.